Non-myxoma neoplastic cerebral aneurysms: A systematic review

Neoplastic cerebral aneurysms (NCAs) are highly rare lesions characterized by invasion of cancerous cells within the wall of an artery leading to aneurysm formation. While NCAs caused by myxomas are well characterized in the clinical literature, rarer etiologies have also been reported and are typically associated worse clinical outcomes. We performed the first PRISMA-compliant systematic literature review of true, non-myxoma neoplastic cerebral aneurysms using the PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. Data of interest included age, sex, aneurysm size, number of aneurysms, aneurysm location, neoplasm type, aneurysm treatments, cancer treatments, risk of rupture, intracerebral hemorrhage prevalence, subarachnoid hemorrhage prevalence, and survival at 90 and 180 days. A total of 50 studies met our inclusion criteria. The mean age of the patient population was 37.4 years (SD: ±16.8) and had an overall female preponderance (39/50, 78%). Of these NCA cases, 29/50 (58.0%) were choriocarcinomas, 10/50 (20.0%) were related to lung cancer, and 11/50 (22.0%) had other origins of variable pathologies. 90-day survival rates were 60.0% (15/25) for choriocarcinomas, 28.6% (2/7) for the lung cancer group, and 14.3% (1/7) for the other origins group. 180-day survival rates were 52.0% (13/25) for the choriocarcinoma group, 14.3% (1/7) for the lung cancer group, and 0% (0/7) for the other origins group. Prognosis of NCA patients ultimately depends on the course of disease progression and cancer management. Further research is needed to better understand optimal treatment modalities for patients with NCAs.     

难治性产后出血治疗方法选择和转诊策略

难治性产后出血可导致产妇休克、弥散性血管内凝血、多器官功能衰竭,甚至死亡。根据分娩方式、出血特点、手术适应证选择不同的非保守止血方案(填塞术、手术治疗、介入甚至子宫切除等)可以发挥各自优势,术者选择较熟练的止血方法会获得良好效果;正确的液体复苏、抗休克治疗,准确抉择转诊及转诊时有效处置,可以减少并发症发生,挽救产妇生命。     

Proximal External Aortic Compression for Life-Threatening Abdominal-Pelvic and Junctional Hemorrhage: An Ultrasonographic Study in Adult Volunteers

Introduction: Following life-threatening junctional trauma, the goal is to limit blood loss while expediting transfer to operative rescue. Unfortunately, life-threatening abdominal-pelvic or junctional hemorrhage is often not amenable to direct compression and few temporizing strategies are available beyond hemostatic dressings, hypotensive resuscitation, and balanced transfusion. Objectives: In this study, we evaluated proximal external aortic compression to arrest blood flow in healthy adult men. Methods: This was a simulation trial of proximal external aortic compression, for life-threatening abdominal-pelvic and junctional hemorrhage, in a convenience sample of healthy adult male volunteers. The primary end points were cessation of femoral blood flow as assessed by pulse wave Doppler ultrasound at the right femoral artery, caudal to the inguinal ligament. Secondary end points were discomfort and negative sequelae. Results: Aortic blood flow was arrested in 12 volunteers. Median time to blood flow cessation was 12.5?seconds. Median reported discomfort was 5 out of 10. No complications or negative sequelae were reported. Conclusion: This trial suggests that it may be reasonable to attempt temporization of major abdominal-pelvic and junctional hemorrhage using bimanual proximal external aortic compression. In the absence of immediate alternatives for this dangerous and vexing injury pattern, there appear to be few downsides to prehospital proximal external aortic compression while concomitantly expediting definite care.     

铝碳酸镁联合奥美拉唑治疗胃溃疡合并胃出血的疗效及安全性

目的 观察胃溃疡合并胃出血应用铝碳酸镁与奥美拉唑联合治疗的疗效及安全性。方法 消化内科2017年12月—2018年12月收治的80例胃溃疡并胃出血患者,随机分2组,每组40例,对照组服药奥美拉唑治疗,观察组在其基础服用铝碳酸镁治疗,比较2组疗效及不良反应。结果 观察组总有效率(92.50%)高于对照组(75.00%),复发率0%相较于对照组(17.50%)低(P<0.05);观察组治疗后嗳气(1.03±0.32)分、上腹疼痛(1.12±0.11)分、呕血(1.04±0.03)分、便血(1.01±0.23)分,相较于对照组评分更低(P<0.05);2组不良反应率相比差异无统计意义(P>0.05)。结论 胃溃疡合并胃出血应用铝碳酸镁与奥美拉唑联合治疗的效果显著,能提高疗效,改善胃溃疡,控制出血,降低复发率,且无严重不良反应。     

眼外伤前房出血的治疗方法及临床疗效分析

目的 探讨眼外伤所致前房出血的治疗方法以及临床治疗效果。方法 回顾性分析90例(90眼)外伤性前房出血患者的临床资料,分析治疗方法以及临床治疗效果。结果 Ⅰ级前房出血吸收时间为1~5 d,Ⅱ级前房出血吸收时间为5~10 d,Ⅲ级前房出血吸收时间为7~15 d。其中继发出血9例,继发青光眼19例, 2例出血未完全吸收继续治疗恢复良好。所有继发青光眼病例于前房出血吸收后眼压均恢复正常。积血吸收后视力<0.1者4例, 0.1~0.5者20例, 0.6~1.0者21例,>1.0者45例。结论 挫伤性前房出血经有效合理药物治疗可使出血得到吸收,保守治疗可获得良好的治疗效果,对一些复杂的、继发出血的病例,采取积极、恰当的治疗措施可避免视力的严重损害,视力可得到恢复,病情得到缓解或治愈。     

脑出血患者血清NSE、hs-CRP及S-100B蛋白水平分析

目的 分析脑出血患者血清NSE、hs-CRP及S-100B蛋白水平的变化特征及与患者出血量、预后的的关系。方法 选取延安大学附属医院收治的44例脑出血患者为病例组, 44例健康体检者为对照组, 两组性别、年龄差异无统计学意义。分别检测对照组和病例组入院第1、3、7天血清NSE、hs-CRP、S-100B蛋白水平, 运用CT测定出血量, 用GCS评分表评估患者预后, 并分析其关系。结果 病例组血清NSE、hs-CRP、S-100B蛋白水平显著高于对照组, 且差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。患者血清三个指标水平在入院第1天开始升高, 第3天到达高峰, 第7天较第3天明显下降;出血量和预后与三个指标水平及出血量与GCS评分均具有相关性。结论 脑出血患者血清NSE、hs-CRP及S-100B蛋白水平随着发病时间发生显著变化, 与出血量、预后均密切相关, 可将NSE、hs-CRP、S-100B蛋白作为分析脑出血病情变化及预后的重要动态观察指标。     

Ghrelin attenuates secondary brain injury following intracerebral hemorrhage by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation and promoting Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway in mice

Ghrelin, a brain-gut peptide, has been proven to exert neuroprotection in different kinds of neurological diseases; however, its role and the potential molecular mechanisms in secondary brain injury (SBI) after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) are still unknown. In this study, we investigate whether treatment with ghrelin may attenuate SBI in a murine ICH model, and if so, whether the neuroprotective effects are due to the inhibition of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation and promotion of nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidative response element (ARE) signaling pathway. Stereotactically intrastriatal infusion of autologous blood was performed to mimic ICH. Ghrelin was given intraperitoneally immediately following ICH and again 1 h later. Results showed that ghrelin attenuated neurobehavioral deficits, brain edema, hematoma volume, and perihematomal cell death post-ICH. Ghrelin inhibited the NLRP3 inflammasome activation and subsequently suppressed the neuroinflammatory response as evidenced by reduced microglia activation, neutrophil infiltration, and pro-inflammatory mediators release after ICH. Additionally, ghrelin alleviated ICH-induced oxidative stress according to the chemiluminescence of luminol and lucigenin, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and total superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity assays. These changes were accompanied by upregulation of Nrf2 expression, Nrf2 nuclear accumulation, and enhanced Nrf2 DNA binding activity, as well as by increased expressions of Nrf2 downstream target antioxidative genes, including NAD(P)H quinine oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1), glutathione cysteine ligase regulatory subunit (GCLC), and glutathione cysteine ligase modulatory subunit (GCLM). Together, our data suggested that ghrelin protected against ICH-induced SBI by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation and promoting Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway.     

妊娠及产后血栓性微血管病

        血栓性微血管病（thrombotic microangiopathy，TMA）是一组以微血管栓塞为病理特征的疾病。主要表现为微血管病性溶血性贫血、血小板减少、微循环血小板血栓引起神经系统、肾脏等器官受累［1］。经典的血栓性微血管病主要指血栓性血小板减少性紫癜（TTP）和溶血性尿毒综合征（HUS）。TTP和HUS均有溶血及肾脏受累的症状，且血浆置换可取得较好的疗效，两者之间的鉴别诊断较为困难，其病理变化均为内皮细胞损伤、微血管内血栓形成。近年来也有学者提出将两种疾病合称为TTP-HUS综合征。 浏览更多请关注本刊微信公众号及当期杂志。     

Clinical characteristics and prognosis of postpartum acute kidney injury

ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical characteristics and prognoses of patients with postpartum acute kidney injury (PPAKI).MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the clinical presentations, laboratory examinations, treatments, and outcomes of patients with PPAKI admitted to our hospital from January 2013 to December 2017. We then analyzed the clinical characteristics and prognoses of the mothers and their infants.ResultsOf 37 patients diagnosed with PPAKI, 26 (70.3%) received treatment in the intensive care unit, mainly for hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelet count (HELLP) syndrome (28/37, 75.7%), pre-eclampsia (26/37, 70.3%), and postpartum hemorrhage (22/37, 59.5%). Twenty patients required renal replacement treatment (RRT), but renal recovery times were similar in the RRT and non-RRT groups. Renal function recovered completely in 30 patients (81.1%) and partially in one patient (2.7%), and was not re-examined in two patients (5.4%). Three patients (8.1%) were lost to follow-up. Only one patient (2.7%) remained dialysis-dependent, and no maternal deaths occurred. The preterm birth, low birth weight, and infant survival rates were 70.7% (29/41), 68.3% (28/41), and 78.0% (32/41), respectively.ConclusionRRT does not reduce renal recovery time compared with non-RRT. Overall, the prognoses of both mothers and their fetuses are good following treatment for PPAKI.